This project investigated a range of factors leading to dieback and low recruitment rates of river red gums in cotton-growing regions of the northern Murray-Darling Basin. Our research echoes the sentiments of previous research, confirming that multiple complex interacting factors are driving tree dieback and recruitment processes in these landscapes and many factors are context-dependent. Tree dieback is a natural process, however, human management, including regulation of river systems, drawdown of groundwater aquifers, use of broad spectrum insecticide chemicals and introduction of competitive exotic species has exacerbated the frequency, extent and severity of dieback events, stressing trees further than they are evolved to cope with in already variable environments. Changing climatic conditions are also likely to intensify tree dieback and recruitment processes, including increasing moisture stress and insect herbivory.

A dieback identification and management guide has been produced and is available through the Cottoninfo website (www.cottoninfo.com.au/publications/tree-dieback-guide). Growers are urged to

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seek out that document for more information on how dieback can be addressed in specific situations. A range of scientific publications will be available in coming months and will be made available through CRDC.

Riparian ecosystems hold a variety of environmental, social and economic values. Unfortunately there is no silver bullet answer to immediately improve tree health and management is likely to be context-specific. However, a variety of management options are available to growers that wish to improve tree health, as outlined in the tree dieback identification and management guide available through Cottoninfo. Commitment to improving tree health on cotton farms for a variety of outcomes, including biodiversity conservation and ecosystem service provision, demonstrates the industry’s dedication to sustainability and environmental stewardship.