Ground rig and aerial application treatments were setup to deliver endosulfan to young cotton using 'large droplet placement' (LDP). Both treatments delivered similar amounts of the product to the target, despite the aircraft applying the full rate of the product, versus a banded rate (40%) for the ground rig treatment. In field efficacy conducted at commercial checking intervals (as measured by larval mortality, fruit retention ratios and damage levels) were equivalent for both the ground rig and aerially applied endosulfan. Laboratory bioassays conducted on field sprayed leaves showed a greater decline in larval mortality overtime for the ground rig than the aerial treatment. The fate of the additional insecticide applied by the aircraft was distributed between increased deposition on the ground and as drift leaving the field. At 400 metres downwind, the ground rig treatment resulted in one sixteenth the drift compared to the aerial treatment. The potential for commercially available anti-evaporant adjuvants to help reduce off target movement of fine droplets was evaluated using a new facility and techniques developed by CPAS.