• Cotton aphid, two-spotted mite (TSM), banana or strawberry spider mite (SSM), cotton seedling thrips, western flower thrips (WFT) and green mirid were collected from Australian cotton growing regions.

The frequency of neonicotinoid resistant Aphis gossypii Glover populations has markedly decreased from a high of 94% to a moderate 22% in a single season.

Since the introduction of Bt-cotton secondary pests such as aphids, mites and bugs have become more prominent requiring targeted insecticide control.

With the introduction of Transgenic Bollgard II cotton Australian populations of green mirid have required targeted insecticidal control, which may select for insecticide resistance in this pest.

Cotton aphid and two-spotted mite have the potential to cause dramatic reductions in the yield and fibre quality of cotton. Management of these pests is strongly dependent on insecticides and acaricides.