In January 1983, pyrethroids failed to give satisfactory field control of Heliothis (Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) at Emerald in central Queensland.

The Australian cotton industry has been practising curative conventional insecticide resistance management and preventative Bt transgenic cotton resistance management for fifteen and two years now, respectively.

The Australian cotton industry has been practising curative conventional insecticide resistance management for thirteen years now.

Pyrethroid resistance levels in Helicoverpa armigera have continued to escalate slowly to around 80-90% but endosulfan resistance has stabilised at about half that level.

Cotton plants expressing the CrylAc toxin from Bt are near to commercial release.