This report was jointly commissioned by the Fisheries Research and Development Corporation and Land & Water Australia to assess the information needs for freshwater flows into estuaries. This report is based on the results of a desk study together with the outputs from an expert workshop. It has the following objectives: *create a logical framework showing the potential links between freshwater inflows and ecological responses; *assess current knowledge about each of these links in Australian estuaries; *identify the critical links where further research and development (R&D) would provide maximum benefit; and *collate available information on current decision-making processes/frameworks for environmental flow management.